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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Rum-running in Windsor ： ウィキペディア英語版 Rum-running in Windsor Rum-running in Windsor, Ontario, Canada, was a major activity in the early part of the 20th century. In 1916, the State of Michigan, in the United States, banned the sale of alcohol, three years before prohibition became the national law in 1919. From that point forward, the City of Windsor, Ontario was a major site for alcohol smuggling and gang activity.〔Arthur Walker Blakemore, ''National prohibition, the Volstead Act annotated'', 2d ed., M-Bender & company inc., Albany New York, 1925. p.18〕 The Canadian federal government regulated the manufacturing, importation, and exportation of alcoholic beverages in all the provinces.〔Allison Lawlor, ''Rum-Running'', Nimbus, Halifax N.S., c.2009 p.30〕 When the ''Wartime Resource Act'', which prohibited the manufacturing, sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages expired on January 1, 1927, new legislation authorized each province to decide whether to continue the enforced bans on alcohol. Like most provinces in Canada, Ontario chose to continue to ban the production and sale of alcohol. This decision led to an upswing in organized crime activity along the Detroit-Windsor borders. == The Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act and near beer == In January 16, 1919, the American Government passed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. It had three sections: Congressman Andrew John Volstead was one of the main promoters of the Eighteenth Amendment.〔Daniel Okrent, "Last Call, The Rise and Fall of Prohibition",Scrbner, New York, 2010〕 The Volstead Act of 1920 defined intoxicating liquor as any liquor containing more than 0.5% alcohol. It permitted the manufacture of non-intoxicating cider and fruit juices for home use, as well as permitting households to ferment wine for private consumption; and it allowed the sale of alcoholic beverages for medicinal, sacramental, and industrial purposes. The Volstead Act allowed breweries to produce "near beer" with an alcohol content of up to 0.5%. To make the near beer, distilleries produced beer and then let it sit to allow most of its alcoholic content to evaporate. This allowed breweries to produce virtually unlimited amounts of beer.〔Charles Hanson Towne, ''The rise and fall of prohibition: the human side of what the Eighteenth amendment and the Volstead act have done to the United States'', MacMillan, New York, 1923. p.55〕 Even though Ontario had their own prohibition, called the Temperance Act which lasted from 1919 through 1923, it was still legal to distill alcohol. This loophole led to a great deal of alcohol smuggling via the Detroit River between Windsor and Detroit, the largest U.S. city on the Canadian border.〔Gerald A. Hallowell, "Prohibition In Ontario, 1919-1923" Love Printing Service Ltd. Ottawa,1972〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rum-running in Windsor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.